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Necessity isn't always the mother of invention.
Lots of the things we rely on to cure our diseases, cook our meals, and sweeten our days weren't deliberately designed. Instead, they were a happy accident.
Read on to see how society-shaping inventions -- from Coca-Cola to penicillin and the microwave oven -- came about by chance.
Alyson Kreuger contributed additional research to this article.
1. Penicillin
Inventor: Sir Alexander Fleming, a scientist.
2. Coca-Cola
Inventor: John Pemberton, pharmacist.
3. Chocolate-chip cookies
Inventor: Ruth Wakefield, owner of the Toll House Inn.
What she was trying to make: Wakefield just wanted to make some chocolate cookies.
How it was created: While mixing a batch of cookies in 1930, Wakefield discovered she was out of baker's chocolate. As a substitute she broke sweetened chocolate into small pieces and added them to the cookie dough. She expected the chocolate to melt, making chocolate cookies, but the little bits stuck.
4. Potato chips
5. The Pacemaker
Inventor: John Hopps, an electrical engineer.
6. Silly Putty
Inventor: James Wright, an engineer at General Electric.
7. Microwave ovens
Inventor: Percy Spencer, an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation.
8. LSD as a drug
Inventor: Albert Hofmann, a chemist.
9. Saccharin
Inventor: Constantine Fahlberg, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.
10. Post-it notes
Inventor: Spencer Silver and Art Fry, researchers in 3M Laboratories.
What he was trying to make: In 1968,Silver made a "low-tack" adhesive at 3M, but he couldn't find a use for it.
How it was created: Silver's adhesive was remarkable for the fact that you could stick something light to it -- like a piece of paper -- and pull it off without damaging either surface. What's more, the adhesive could be used again and again. He tried to find a marketable use for the product for 3M for years, to seemingly no avail.
Years later, his colleague Fry found himself frustrated when he couldn't find a way to stick papers into his book of hymns at the church choir. And like that, the idea for the Post-it was born -- though it wasn't until 1980 that it was launched nationwide.
11. Scotchgard
Inventor: Patsy Sherman, a chemist for 3M.
What she was trying to make: In 1953,Sherman was assigned to work on a project to develop a rubber material that would not deteriorate from exposure to jet aircraft fuels.
How it was created: An assistant accidentally dropped the mixture Sherman was experimenting with on her shoe. While the rest of her shoe became dirty and stained, one spot remained bright and clean. She retraced her steps and identified the stain resistant compound, known today as Scotchguard.
12. Corn Flakes
Inventor: John and Will Kellogg, brothers and breakfast entrepreneurs.
What they were trying to make: The brothers were trying to boil grain to make granola.
How it was created: In 1898,the brothers accidentally left a pot of boiled grain on the stove for several days. The mixture turned moldy but the product that emerged was dry and thick. After a few experiments, they got rid of the mold -- and created Corn Flakes.
13. The Slinky
Inventor: Richard Jones, a naval engineer.
What he was trying to make: In 1943, Jones was trying to design a meter to monitor power on battleships.
How it was created: Jones was working with tension springs when one of them fell to the ground. The spring kept bouncing from place to place after it hit the floor -- the Slinky was born.
Lots of the things we rely on to cure our diseases, cook our meals, and sweeten our days weren't deliberately designed. Instead, they were a happy accident.
Read on to see how society-shaping inventions -- from Coca-Cola to penicillin and the microwave oven -- came about by chance.
Alyson Kreuger contributed additional research to this article.
1. Penicillin
Inventor: Sir Alexander Fleming, a scientist.
What he was trying to make: Ironically, Fleming was searching for a "wonder drug" that could cure diseases. However, it wasn't until Fleming threw away his experiments that he found what he was looking for.
How it was created: One day in 1928, Fleming noticed that a contaminated Petri dish he had discarded contained a mold that was dissolving all the bacteria around it. When he grew the mold by itself, he learned that it contained a powerful antibiotic -- penicillin -- used to treat ailments ranging from syphilis to tonsillitis. Thanks to penicillin and other antibiotics, the rate of death due to infectious disease is now one-twentieth of what it was back in 1900.
How it was created: One day in 1928, Fleming noticed that a contaminated Petri dish he had discarded contained a mold that was dissolving all the bacteria around it. When he grew the mold by itself, he learned that it contained a powerful antibiotic -- penicillin -- used to treat ailments ranging from syphilis to tonsillitis. Thanks to penicillin and other antibiotics, the rate of death due to infectious disease is now one-twentieth of what it was back in 1900.
2. Coca-Cola
Inventor: John Pemberton, pharmacist.
What he was trying to make: Living in Atlanta in the 1880s, Pemberton sold a syrup made of wine and coca extract he called "Pemberton's French Wine Coca," which was touted at a cure for headaches and nervous disorders.
How it was created: In 1885, Atlanta banned the sale of alcohol, so Pemberton created a purely coca-based version of the syrup to be mixed with carbonated water and drank as a soda. The result was a perfect beverage for the temperance era -- a "brain tonic" called Coca Cola.
How it was created: In 1885, Atlanta banned the sale of alcohol, so Pemberton created a purely coca-based version of the syrup to be mixed with carbonated water and drank as a soda. The result was a perfect beverage for the temperance era -- a "brain tonic" called Coca Cola.
3. Chocolate-chip cookies
Inventor: Ruth Wakefield, owner of the Toll House Inn.
What she was trying to make: Wakefield just wanted to make some chocolate cookies.
How it was created: While mixing a batch of cookies in 1930, Wakefield discovered she was out of baker's chocolate. As a substitute she broke sweetened chocolate into small pieces and added them to the cookie dough. She expected the chocolate to melt, making chocolate cookies, but the little bits stuck.
4. Potato chips
Inventor: George Crum, a chef at the Carey Moon Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York.
What he was trying to make: Crum was trying to serve a customer French fries in the summer of 1853.
How it was created: A diner kept sending his French fries back, asking them to be thinner and crispier. Crum lost his temper, sliced the potatoes insanely thin and fried them until they were hard as a rock. To the chef's surprise, the customer loved them.
What he was trying to make: Crum was trying to serve a customer French fries in the summer of 1853.
How it was created: A diner kept sending his French fries back, asking them to be thinner and crispier. Crum lost his temper, sliced the potatoes insanely thin and fried them until they were hard as a rock. To the chef's surprise, the customer loved them.
5. The Pacemaker
Inventor: John Hopps, an electrical engineer.
What he was trying to make: Hopps was conducting research on hypothermia and was trying to use radio frequency heating to restore body temperature.
How it was created: During his experiment he realized if a heart stopped beating due to cooling, it could be started again by artificial stimulation. This realization led to the pacemaker in 1951.
How it was created: During his experiment he realized if a heart stopped beating due to cooling, it could be started again by artificial stimulation. This realization led to the pacemaker in 1951.
6. Silly Putty
Inventor: James Wright, an engineer at General Electric.
What he was trying to make: During World War II, the United States government needed rubber for airplane tires, boots for soldiers, and the like. Wright was trying to make a rubber substitute out of silicon, since it was a widely available material.
How it was created: During a test on silicon oil in 1943, Wright added boric acid to the substance. The result was a gooey, bouncy mess. While he couldn't find a practical application, the impracticality of Silly Putty is what makes it awesome.
How it was created: During a test on silicon oil in 1943, Wright added boric acid to the substance. The result was a gooey, bouncy mess. While he couldn't find a practical application, the impracticality of Silly Putty is what makes it awesome.
7. Microwave ovens
Inventor: Percy Spencer, an engineer with the Raytheon Corporation.
What he was trying to make: In 1946, Spencer was conducting a radar-related research project with a new vacuum tube.
How it was created: While experimenting with the tube, a candy bar in Spencer's pocket started to melt. Already a holder of 120 patents, Spencer grabbed some unpopped popcorn kernels and held them by the device.
Sure enough, they started to pop. Spencer knew he had a revolutionary device -- and an enabler to lazy cooks everywhere.
How it was created: While experimenting with the tube, a candy bar in Spencer's pocket started to melt. Already a holder of 120 patents, Spencer grabbed some unpopped popcorn kernels and held them by the device.
Sure enough, they started to pop. Spencer knew he had a revolutionary device -- and an enabler to lazy cooks everywhere.
8. LSD as a drug
Inventor: Albert Hofmann, a chemist.
What he was trying to make: He was researching lysergic acid derivatives in a laboratory in Basel, Switzerland in 1938.
How it was created: Hofmann unintentionally swallowed a small amount of LSD while researching its properties. He subsequently had the first acid trip in history, marking the entry of a drug that would become a theme of undercurrent culture, most signified the Beatles' "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds."
The psychedelic has had its mark on tech, too: Steve Jobs said that taking LSD was "one of the two or three most important things" he had done in his life.
How it was created: Hofmann unintentionally swallowed a small amount of LSD while researching its properties. He subsequently had the first acid trip in history, marking the entry of a drug that would become a theme of undercurrent culture, most signified the Beatles' "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds."
The psychedelic has had its mark on tech, too: Steve Jobs said that taking LSD was "one of the two or three most important things" he had done in his life.
9. Saccharin
Inventor: Constantine Fahlberg, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University.
What he was trying to make: Fahlberg was trying to find a new use for coal tar back in 1879.
How it was created: Home from a long day at the lab, Fahlberg noticed that his wife's biscuits were way sweeter than usual.
The secret ingredient: The chemical that would eventually be known as saccharine had been on his hands after the lab work. The researcher immediately requested a patent and mass produced his product
How it was created: Home from a long day at the lab, Fahlberg noticed that his wife's biscuits were way sweeter than usual.
The secret ingredient: The chemical that would eventually be known as saccharine had been on his hands after the lab work. The researcher immediately requested a patent and mass produced his product
10. Post-it notes
Inventor: Spencer Silver and Art Fry, researchers in 3M Laboratories.
What he was trying to make: In 1968,Silver made a "low-tack" adhesive at 3M, but he couldn't find a use for it.
How it was created: Silver's adhesive was remarkable for the fact that you could stick something light to it -- like a piece of paper -- and pull it off without damaging either surface. What's more, the adhesive could be used again and again. He tried to find a marketable use for the product for 3M for years, to seemingly no avail.
Years later, his colleague Fry found himself frustrated when he couldn't find a way to stick papers into his book of hymns at the church choir. And like that, the idea for the Post-it was born -- though it wasn't until 1980 that it was launched nationwide.
11. Scotchgard
Inventor: Patsy Sherman, a chemist for 3M.
What she was trying to make: In 1953,Sherman was assigned to work on a project to develop a rubber material that would not deteriorate from exposure to jet aircraft fuels.
How it was created: An assistant accidentally dropped the mixture Sherman was experimenting with on her shoe. While the rest of her shoe became dirty and stained, one spot remained bright and clean. She retraced her steps and identified the stain resistant compound, known today as Scotchguard.
12. Corn Flakes
Inventor: John and Will Kellogg, brothers and breakfast entrepreneurs.
What they were trying to make: The brothers were trying to boil grain to make granola.
How it was created: In 1898,the brothers accidentally left a pot of boiled grain on the stove for several days. The mixture turned moldy but the product that emerged was dry and thick. After a few experiments, they got rid of the mold -- and created Corn Flakes.
13. The Slinky
Inventor: Richard Jones, a naval engineer.
What he was trying to make: In 1943, Jones was trying to design a meter to monitor power on battleships.
How it was created: Jones was working with tension springs when one of them fell to the ground. The spring kept bouncing from place to place after it hit the floor -- the Slinky was born.